Immanuel Kant...
- 22nd April 1724 - 12th Feb 1804
- German philosopher from Prussia.
- Theory of knowldge during the Enlightenment with John Locke, George Berkley and David Hume.
- Epistemology - religion - law & history.
- "Critique of Pure Reason" - limitations and structure of Reason.
- Ethics - aesthetics - teleology - metaphysics.
- An object having certain properties before actually experiencing it.
- Concluding that objects must conform to it's manner of thought.
- Mind can only think in terms of causility (2 events, and the second one being the consequence of the first)
- Objects experienced must be a cause of effect
- Kant believed that he was creating a compromise between the empiricists and the rationalists.
- Empiricists believe that knowledge is known through experience alone. And rationalists believe knowledge comes from Reason. - Kant argues that using Reason without experience will only lead to illusions.
- Philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer - corrected and expanded the Kantian system - German Idealism - decisive impact (Romanticism)
- Kant influences both analytic and continental philosophy.
- Theory of perception - analytic proposition - perdicate concept is contained in it's subject concept - eg - A bachelor is unmarried. - Synthetic proposition - predicate concept is not contained in it's subject concept - eg - 'All bachelors are happy'
- 27th August 1770 - 14th November 1831
- German philosopher - creators of German Idealism
- Historicist and Idealist - continental philosophy.
- Developed a concept of mind and spirit - contradictions and oppositions - interegated and united.
- Kant - Critique of Pure Reason
- Noumental and Phenomenal worlds
- Addresses the problem of causality in empiricism
- Hume - there is no causality in nature
- Berkley - provisionality of existence of percieved penomena
- Counter reaction to empiricism - idealism (Kant)
- French Revolution - went wrong. Empiricist, in favour of human rights - liberity - born with rights.
- Enlightenment (whigs)
- Romantics - Beethoven, Napoleon.
- Free religion - collapsed terror "mini holocaust"
- Revolting against the monarchy.
- Wordsworth - romantic poet - Rational democratic free - 1820's mistique religious revival
- Adam Smith - economic freedom.
- Noumenal world is perceived by 'intuition' especially aesthetic reaction to art/beauty.
- Eg - Keats - "Beauty is truth; truth is beauty"
- Kant - devides perception.
- When something is noticed it recieves a different character than if it is not. 'God of the gaps' (Berkley)
- Hume believes everything is in our mind.
- The coperican revolution (planets around the sun) - the mind actively shapes the universe; not the other way round as in empiricism.
- The universe looks the way is looks because of the perceptive aparatus of the mind/brain - it is not actually like that.
- Kants morality - the categorical imperative - it comes in several forms.
- The headlines - an act is only good, if can be legislated as universal law
- So - "do not lie" dalls within the definition of good in terms of the categorical imperative.
- "make all the money and pleasure in the world come to me" - can not be universalised, because it can not apply to everyone.
- "The moral low within" - every human has this - knowing the difference between right and wrong - even when you known you are in the wrong. Happy and achieving aims regardless.
- Thus - a complete rejection of utilitatianism, in fact the exact opposing act never be good if you benefit from it (regardless of the result, an act is always good)
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